## Sage 4.0.2 released

Sage 4.0.2 was released on June 18th, 2009. For the official, comprehensive release note, please refer to sage-4.0.2.txt. The following points are some of the foci of this release:

• Upgrade NumPy, SciPy, Singular, and FLINT to latest upstream releases.
• A script to automate the testing and merging of tickets.
• LaTeX output for combinatorial graphs.
• New features for linear algebra include Hermite normal form over principal ideal domains.
• New features for number theory include elliptic curve isogeny, and local and global heights for number fields.

The following people made their first contribution in this release:

1. Fidel Barrera Cruz
2. Jerome Lefebvre

Here is a summary of main features in this release, categorized under various headings:

Algebra

• Correct precision bound in hilbert_class_polynomial() and miscellaneous new functions (John Cremona) — The two new functions are elliptic_j() in sage/functions/special.py, and is_primitive() in the class BinaryQF of sage/quadratic_forms/binary_qf.py. The function elliptic_j(z) returns the elliptic modular $j$-function evaluated at $z$. The function is_primitive() determines whether the binary quadratic form $ax^2 + bxy + cy^2$ satisfies $\gcd(a,b,c) = 1$, i.e. that it is primitive. Here are some examples on using these new functions:
sage: elliptic_j(CC(i))
1728.00000000000
sage: elliptic_j(sqrt(-2.0))
8000.00000000000
sage: Q = BinaryQF([6,3,9])
sage: Q.is_primitive()
False
sage: Q = BinaryQF([1,1,1])
sage: Q.is_primitive()
True

• Efficient Lagrange interpolation polynomial (Yann Laigle-Chapuy) — Calculating the Lagrange interpolation polynomial of a set of points is now up to 48% faster than previously. The following timing statistics were obtained using the machine sage.math:
# BEFORE

sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x')
sage: %timeit R.lagrange_polynomial([(0,1),(2,2),(3,-2),(-4,9)])
1000 loops, best of 3: 824 µs per loop
sage: R.lagrange_polynomial([(0,1),(2,2),(3,-2),(-4,9)])
-23/84*x^3 - 11/84*x^2 + 13/7*x + 1
sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2**3,'a'), 'x')
sage: a = R.base_ring().gen()
sage: timeit("R.lagrange_polynomial([(a^2+a,a),(a,1),(a^2,a^2+a+1)])")
625 loops, best of 3: 111 µs per loop
sage: R.lagrange_polynomial([(a^2+a,a),(a,1),(a^2,a^2+a+1)])
a^2*x^2 + a^2*x + a^2

# AFTER

sage: R = PolynomialRing(QQ, 'x')
sage: %timeit R.lagrange_polynomial([(0,1),(2,2),(3,-2),(-4,9)])
1000 loops, best of 3: 425 µs per loop
sage: R.lagrange_polynomial([(0,1),(2,2),(3,-2),(-4,9)])
-23/84*x^3 - 11/84*x^2 + 13/7*x + 1
sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2**3,'a'), 'x')
sage: a = R.base_ring().gen()
sage: timeit("R.lagrange_polynomial([(a^2+a,a),(a,1),(a^2,a^2+a+1)])")
625 loops, best of 3: 86.4 µs per loop
sage: R.lagrange_polynomial([(a^2+a,a),(a,1),(a^2,a^2+a+1)])
a^2*x^2 + a^2*x + a^2

• Deprecate the method __len__() for a matrix group (Nicolas Thiery) — The method __len__() of the class MatrixGroup_gap in sage/groups/matrix_gps/matrix_group.py is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release. To get the number of elements in a matrix group, users are advised to use the method cardinality() instead. The method order() is essentially the same as cardinality(), so order() will be deprecated in a future release.

Algebraic Geometry

• Optimize hyperelliptic curve arithmetic (Nick Alexander) — Arithmetics with hyperelliptic curves can be up to 6x faster than previously. The following timing statistics were obtained using the machine sage.math:
#BEFORE

sage: F = GF(next_prime(10^30))
sage: x = F['x'].gen()
sage: f = x^7 + x^2 + 1
sage: H = HyperellipticCurve(f, 2*x)
sage: J = H.jacobian()(F)
verbose 0 (902: multi_polynomial_ideal.py, dimension) Warning: falling back to very slow toy implementation.
sage: Q = J(H.lift_x(F(1)))
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.65 s, sys: 0.02 s, total: 0.67 s
Wall time: 0.68 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 1.08 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 1.08 s
Wall time: 1.08 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.72 s, sys: 0.02 s, total: 0.74 s
Wall time: 0.74 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.67 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.67 s
Wall time: 0.67 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.66 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.66 s
Wall time: 0.66 s

# AFTER

sage: F = GF(next_prime(10^30))
sage: x = F['x'].gen()
sage: f = x^7 + x^2 + 1
sage: H = HyperellipticCurve(f, 2*x)
sage: J = H.jacobian()(F)
verbose 0 (919: multi_polynomial_ideal.py, dimension) Warning: falling back to very slow toy implementation.
sage: Q = J(H.lift_x(F(1)))
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.14 s, sys: 0.01 s, total: 0.15 s
Wall time: 0.15 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.10 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.10 s
Wall time: 0.10 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.09 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.09 s
Wall time: 0.10 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.09 s, sys: 0.01 s, total: 0.10 s
Wall time: 0.10 s
sage: %time ZZ.random_element(10**10) * Q;
CPU times: user 0.10 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.10 s
Wall time: 0.11 s


Coding Theory

• Hexads in $S(5,6,12)$ and mathematical blackjack (David Joyner) — Implements kittens, hexads and mathematical blackjack as described in the following papers:
• R. Curtis. The Steiner system $S(5,6,12)$, the Mathieu group $M_{12}$, and the kitten. In M. Atkinson (ed.) Computational Group Theory, Academic Press, 1984.
• J. Conway. Hexacode and tetracode — MINIMOG and MOG. In M. Atkinson (ed.) Computational Group Theory, Academic Press, 1984.
• J. Conway and N. Sloane. Lexicographic codes: error-correcting codes from game theory. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 32:337-348, 1986.
• J. Kahane and A. Ryba. The hexad game. Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 8, 2001.

Commutative Algebra

• Enable Singular’s coefficient rings which are not fields (Martin Albrecht) — Singular 3-1-0 supports coefficient rings which are not fields. In particular, it supports $\mathbf{Z}$ and $\mathbf{Z} / n \mathbf{Z}$ now. These are now natively supported in Sage.

Cryptography

• S-box to CNF Conversion (Martin Albrecht) — New method cnf() in the class SBox of sage/crypto/mq/sbox.py for converting an S-box to conjunctive normal form. Here are some examples on S-box to CNF conversion:
sage: S = mq.SBox(1,2,0,3); S
(1, 2, 0, 3)
sage: S.cnf()

[(1, 2, -3),
(1, 2, 4),
(1, -2, 3),
(1, -2, -4),
(-1, 2, -3),
(-1, 2, -4),
(-1, -2, 3),
(-1, -2, 4)]
sage: # convert this representation to the DIMACS format
sage: print S.cnf(format='dimacs')
p cnf 4 8
1 2 -3 0
1 2 4 0
1 -2 3 0
1 -2 -4 0
-1 2 -3 0
-1 2 -4 0
-1 -2 3 0
-1 -2 4 0

sage: # as a truth table
sage: log = SymbolicLogic()
sage: s = log.statement(S.cnf(format='symbolic'))
sage: log.truthtable(s)[1:]

[['False', 'False', 'False', 'False', 'False'],
['False', 'False', 'False', 'True', 'False'],
['False', 'False', 'True', 'False', 'False'],
['False', 'False', 'True', 'True', 'True'],
['False', 'True', 'False', 'False', 'True'],
['False', 'True', 'False', 'True', 'True'],
['False', 'True', 'True', 'False', 'True'],
['False', 'True', 'True', 'True', 'True'],
['True', 'False', 'False', 'False', 'True'],
['True', 'False', 'False', 'True', 'True'],
['True', 'False', 'True', 'False', 'True'],
['True', 'False', 'True', 'True', 'True'],
['True', 'True', 'False', 'False', 'True'],
['True', 'True', 'False', 'True', 'True'],
['True', 'True', 'True', 'False', 'True'],
['True', 'True', 'True', 'True', 'True']]


Graph Theory

• $\LaTeX$ output for (combinatorial) graphs (Robert Beezer, Fidel Barrera Cruz) — Implement the option tkz_style to output graphs in $\LaTeX$ format so that they could be processed by pgf/tkz. Here’s an example of the Petersen graph visualized using tkz:
sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph()
sage: g.set_latex_options(tkz_style='Art')
sage: view(g, pdflatex=True)


Group Theory

• Python interface to partition backtrack functions (Robert Miller) — New module in sage/groups/perm_gps/partn_ref/refinement_python.pyx provides Python frontends to the Cython-based partition backtrack functions. This allows one to write the three input functions (all_children_are_equivalent, refine_and_return_invariant, and compare_structures) in pure Python, and still use the Cython algorithms. Experimentation with specific partition backtrack implementations no longer requires compilation, as the input functions can be dynamically changed at runtime. Note that this is not intended for production quality implementations of partition refinement, but instead for experimentation, learning, and use of the Python debugger.

Linear Algebra

• Hermite normal form over principal ideal domains (David Loeffler) — This adds echelon form (or Hermite normal form) over principal ideal domains. Here an example:
sage: L.<w> = NumberField(x^2 - x + 2)
sage: OL = L.ring_of_integers()
sage: m = matrix(OL, 2, 2, [1,2,3,4+w])
sage: m.echelon_form()
[    1    -2]
[    0 w - 2]
sage: m.echelon_form(transformation=True)
([    1    -2]
[    0 w - 2], [-3*w - 2    w + 1]
[      -3        1])


Miscellaneous

• Bypassing jsMath with view command (John Palmieri) — This provides a way to not always use jsMath when rendering LaTeX for the view command in the notebook. It works by looking for certain strings in the LaTeX code for the object, and if it finds them, it creates and displays a PNG file, bypassing jsMath altogether. The “certain strings” are stored in a list which is initially empty, but can be populated by using
latex.jsmath_avoid_list(...)


or

latex.add_to_jsmath_avoid_list(...)

• A “decorator” to allow pickling nested classes (Carl Witty, Nicolas Thiery) — The nested_pickle decorator modifies nested classes to be pickleable. (In Python 2.6 it should be usable as a decorator, although that hasn’t been tested; Python 2.5 doesn’t support class decorators, so you can’t use that syntax in Sage until Sage upgrades to Python 2.6.)

Notebook

Number Theory

• Elliptic curve isogeny object (Dan Shumow).
• Various number field improvements (Francis Clarke) — Among other things, one can now do
sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^2 + 5)
sage: L.<b> = K.extension(x^2 + 1)
sage: L.ideal(K.ideal(2, a + 1))
Fractional ideal (b + 1)


For a number field $K$, one can obtain the prime factors using K.prime_factors:

sage: CyclotomicField(3).prime_factors(7)
[Fractional ideal (-2*zeta3 + 1), Fractional ideal (2*zeta3 + 3)]

• Enhanced reduction modulo ideals of number fields (Maite Aranes) — The function residues() is modified so that it returns a canonical set of coset representatives. The new function reduce() returns the canonical reduction of an integral element of a number field modulo self. The function inverse_mod now works for integral elements of a number field without having to coerce to the ring of integers.
• Local and global heights for number field elements (John Cremona) — New method local_height() and global_height() in the class NumberFieldElement of sage/rings/number_field/number_field_element.pyx. The method local_height() returns the local height of a number field element at a given prime ideal. The method global_height() returns the absolute logarithmic height of a number field element. Here are some examples for working with these new methods:
sage: R.<x> = QQ["x"]
sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 3*x^2 - 17)
sage: P = K.ideal(61).factor()[0][0]
sage: b = 1/(a^2 + 30)
sage: b.local_height(P)
4.11087386417331
sage: b.local_height(P, weighted=True)
8.22174772834662
sage: b.local_height(P, 200)
4.1108738641733112487513891034256147463156817430812610629374
sage: (b^2).local_height(P)
8.22174772834662
sage: (b^-1).local_height(P)
0.000000000000000
sage:
sage: R.<x> = QQ["x"]
sage: K.<a> = NumberField(x^4 + 3*x^2 - 17)
sage: b = a/2
sage: b.global_height()
2.86922224068797
sage: b.global_height(prec=200)
2.8692222406879748488543678846959454765968722137813736080066


Packages

• Upgrade NumPy to version 1.3.0 latest upstream release (Jason Grout).
• Upgrade SciPy to version 0.7 latest upstream release (Jason Grout).
• Upgrade Singular to version 3-1-0 latest upstream release (Martin Albrecht).
• Upgrade FLINT to version 1.3.0 latest upstream release (Nick Alexander).
• Update the MPIR spkg to version mpir-1.2.p3.spkg (Nick Alexander).
• Update the M4RI spkg to version libm4ri-20090617 (Martin Albrecht).
• Remove Guava as a standard Sage package (David Joyner).
• New experimental spkg libcocoa-0.9930.spkg (William Stein).

A big thank you to all the Sage bug report/patch authors who made my life as a release tour author easier through your comprehensive and concise documentation. There are too many to list here; you know who you are. A release tour can also be found on the Sage wiki.